Photo-Activated Disinfection or PAD

According to my clinical experience, the PAD Plus photo activated disinfection process is an effective technology to achieve consistent disinfection in root canal therapy. marrying the PAD technology with state of the art mechanical and chemical root canal preparation and disinfection technologies may raise the predictability of one session treatme... Read More

Professor Liviu Steier
England

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	Mihaela & Parasca (Laser Med. Sci. DOI 10.1007/s 10103-088-0588-5) review covers the variety of light which has been used to produce the excitation of the photosensitiser. It illustrates the use of light produced by a laser sources and alternatives such as Xenon lights. The need for only sufficient delivered energy to produce excitation is demonstrated.
	Chan & Lai (Laser Med. Sci. 2003, 18:51-55) demonstrate that both wavelength and energy density are important factors in producing the PAD™ effect. They concluded that the most effective way of delivering the light was by low power laser of optimal wavelength.
	A number of extraneous factors can influence the performance of the photosensitiser and Usacheva et al. (Laser in Surgery and Medicine 38:946-954 (2006)) demonstrate that the two common photosensitisers used in dental applications are affected slightly differently by the presence of calcium ions. The action of methylene blue is more reduced in the presence of Ca++.
	Another paper by Usacheva (Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology B, Biology 71 (2003) 87-98) shows the potential mode of action of the photosensitisers with a range of bacteria and indicates the activity of the photosensitiser with the cell wall.
	Komerick (Lasers Med. Sci. 2002, 17:86-92) examined the effect of PAD™ on the oral mucosa of the rat and showed that a Toluidine Blue O mediated PAD™ had no effect on the normal tissue.

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